Lacquerware of Myanmar : The Timeless Craft that Shines Through Generations

21/11/2025 11:35

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Hsu (NP News) - Nov 21

Myanmar, a land rich in culture and artistry, is home to many traditional crafts that mirror the grace and creativity of its people. Among these treasured arts, Lacquerware, known locally as “Yun-de”, stands as one of the most exquisite symbols of Myanmar’s traditional expertise and artistic refinement. From the ancient royal courts of Bagan to the bustling craft markets of Bagan and Mandalay today, Myanmar lacquerware continues to enchant art lovers and collectors worldwide for its intricate designs, durability, and timeless beauty.

Origin of Myanmar Lacquerware: A Legacy Rooted in History
The origins of lacquerware in Myanmar trace back nearly a thousand years to the Bagan period (11th–13th century), when the kingdom flourished as a cultural and artistic center. Archaeological findings reveal that lacquerware was already in use in royal households, monasteries, and among the wealthy elite. Bagan’s proximity to the Thit-si trees (Melanorrhoea usitata) — whose sap is the main ingredient in lacquer — made it an ideal hub for the development of this craft.
Historical records suggest that lacquerware was first introduced as a practical art form. Early artisans used natural lacquer sap to coat bamboo and wood utensils, making them waterproof and long-lasting. Over time, as craftsmanship evolved, lacquerware became more decorative, with intricate designs, layers of color, and gold leaf embellishments. By the Konbaung dynasty, lacquerware had become an important royal art, used not only for household items but also as ceremonial gifts and religious offerings.
Today, the towns of Bagan, Nyaung U, Myinkaba, and Mandalay remain the heartlands of lacquerware production. Each region has developed its own distinct style, but all preserve the same ancient techniques pass­ed down through gene­rations.
The Art of Making Lac­qu­erware: Pat­ience, Precision, and Passion
Creating lacquerware is a delicate and time-consuming process that requires both artistic skill and immense patience. Depending on the complexity, a single piece can take from three months to a full year to complete. The process can be divided into several stages:

1. Preparing the Base
Traditional lacquerware begins with a base made of bamboo, wood, or horsehair. Skilled craftsmen weave thin bamboo strips to form the body of bowls, boxes, trays, or cups. For luxury items, layers of fine horsehair or fabric are added to strengthen the structure. The base is then polished to ensure smoothness before the first coat of lacquer is applied.

2. Applying the Lacquer Sap
The raw lacquer sap, called “Thit-si”, is extracted from the bark of the Thit-si tree found in the tropical forests of Myanmar’s Shan and Tenasserim regions. The sap, naturally sticky and dark brown, acts as both a coating and an adhesive. Artisans apply the first layer of lacquer by hand using a soft brush or cloth.
Each coat must dry completely in a humid, dark room, which prevents cracking — a process that can take up to a week for each layer. Once dried, the piece is polished with ash or charcoal powder before applying the next layer. This process of coating, drying, and polishing is repeated eight to fifteen times to achieve a smooth, glass-like surface.
3. Engraving and Decoration
After the final coat is applied and dried, the true artistry begins. The lacquer surface is hand-carved with delicate designs using fine metal tools — a process called “yun” engraving. Traditional motifs often include floral patterns, mythical creatures, pagodas, and scenes from Jataka tales (stories of the Buddha’s past lives).
Once the engraving is completed, artisans fill the carved lines with colored pigments — usually red, green, or yellow — made from natural minerals and stones. After drying, the surface is washed and polished to reveal the beautiful patterns beneath the glossy black lacquer. Some pieces are further decorated with gold leaf, creating a shimmering finish that symbolizes luxury and devotion.
4. Finishing Touches
Finally, the lacquerware is polished until it shines, achieving a mirror-like smoothness. High-quality pieces are resistant to heat, moisture, and even certain acids, making them not only beautiful but also functional for everyday use.

Types of Myanmar Lacquerware
Myanmar lacquerware comes in a wide variety of forms, each designed for a specific purpose:
• Hsun-ok: A ceremonial offering vessel with a tall, pointed lid, used to carry food to monasteries.
• Betel boxes (Kun-it): Circular boxes with compartments for betel leaves, nuts, and lime — a common item in traditional households.
• Trays and bowls: Used for serving or display, often featuring intricate red or gold designs.
• Storage chests and tables: Larger lacquered items prized by collectors for their durability and artistry.
• Decorative items: Modern artisans now produce wall panels, jewelry boxes, and souvenir pieces for tourists and collectors alike.
Each item reflects the creativity of the artisan, combining functionality with artistic expression.

The Modern Revival: From Local Craft to Global Art
In recent decades, Myanmar lacquerware has faced challenges due to modernization and the decline in traditional artisans. However, a revival is underway. Cultural preservation initiatives, tourism, and international art exhibitions have sparked renewed interest in lacquerware both dom­estically and abroad.
Organizations and craft coopera­tives in Bagan and Mandalay are training younger generations, ensuring that this delicate art continues to thrive. Many artisans are also blending traditional techniques with modern designs, creating products that appeal to international tastes while preserving the essence of Myanmar heritage.
Global appreciation for handmade, sustainable products has further boosted the demand for lacquerware. As each piece is made from natural materials and crafted by hand, Myanmar lacquerware aligns perfectly with the modern world’s growing emphasis on eco-friendly and ethical craftsmanship.

Preserving a National Treasure
Myanmar lacquerware is more than an art form — it is a living testament to the country’s cultural identity, patience, and craftsmanship. Every layer, every engraved line, tells a story of tradition passed down through centuries.
As Myanmar continues to open its doors to the world, the promotion of lacquerware can play a vital role in showcasing the nation’s artistic excellence. With greater global reco­gnition, Myanmar’s lacquer artisans can continue their ancestral craft with pride, ensuring that the shine of this heritage never fades.